Document Type : Mini-reviews
Authors
1
Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
2
Pharmacy Practice Department, University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia and Al-Azhar University Cairo, Egypt
3
Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Modern Technology and Information University, Cairo, Egypt.
4
Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt and Badr University, Cairo, Egypt.
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is an important cardiovascular disease because of its increasing prevalence, significant morbidity, high mortality, and rapidly expanding health care cost. Heart failure is caused by structural and/or functional cardiac defects resulting in decreased cardiac production, characterized by distinct symptoms and signs. Ischemic heart disorders, hypertension and diabetes mellitus are among the most common causes of heart failure. Heart failure patients typically experience dyspnea, fluid retention and intolerance to exercise. To counteract deleterious effects of heart failure, compensatory mechanisms are established. These compensatory mechanisms include frank-starling mechanism, increasing ventricular wall thickness and neurohormonal activation. Initially, these compensatory mechanisms improve heart failure condition but with time these compensatory mechanisms lead to deterioration of heart failure. Drugs used in management of heart failure include Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), beta blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), diuretics, digoxin, ivabradine and sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors.
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