Document Type : Mini-reviews
Authors
1
Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
2
Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, 11829, Egypt
3
Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
Abstract
Sinapic acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid derivative that is commonly found in multiple plant sources including wheat, rye, oil seeds, berries, and citrus fruits. Sinapic acid exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, metal-chelating, and neuroprotective effects. Parkinson’s disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, second only to Alzheimer’s disease. Oxidative stress, misfolded proteins, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis. Current research focuses on identifying novel therapeutics that mitigate the underlying mechanisms involved in Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis. Sinapic acid possesses excellent free radical scavenging properties, improves the activity of endogenous antioxidants including superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, and catalase, as well as inhibiting Cu2+-induced lipid peroxidation. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory activities are mediated by the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa beta activation and nuclear translocation through modulating the expression of mitogen activated protein kinases and protein kinase B, thus regulating the levels of multiple cytokines and pro-inflammatory agents. Sinapic acid also improves the activity of the nuclear erythroid factor-2/heme oxygenase-1 pathway, which contributes to the upregulation of cellular antioxidants and inhibition of apoptosis. Furthermore, the neuroprotective effects of sinapic acid have been confirmed in multiple in vitro and in vivo models of toxin-induced parkinsonism. Thus, sinapic acid represents a promising therapeutic option that warrants future investigations regarding its efficacy and safety profiles for possible consideration in the management of Parkinson’s disease.
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